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Stout is a dark beer made using roasted malt or roasted barley, hops, water and yeast. Stouts were traditionally the generic term for the strongest or stoutest porters, typically 7% or 8%, produced by a brewery.〔The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press 1998 ISBN 0-19-861263-X〕〔( Porter and Stout - CAMRA )〕 There are a number of variations including Baltic porter, milk stout, and imperial stout; the most common variation is dry stout, exemplified by Guinness Draught, the world's best selling stout. The first known use of the word ''stout'' for beer was in a document dated 1677 found in the Egerton Manuscript, the sense being that a stout beer was a strong beer not a dark beer.〔 The name ''porter'' was first used in 1721 to describe a dark brown beer that had been made with roasted malts. Because of the huge popularity of porters, brewers made them in a variety of strengths. The beers with higher gravities were called "stout porters", so the history and development of stout and porter are intertwined, and the term stout has since become firmly associated with dark beer, rather than just strong beer.〔〔(Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter - Porter casts a long shadow on ale history )〕 ==History== Porter originated in London, England in the early 1720s.〔Bamforth, Charles (2009). ''Beer: Tap into the Art and Science of Brewing''. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0195305425〕 The style quickly became popular in the City especially with porters (hence its name): it had a strong flavour, took longer to spoil than other beers, increased in alcohol content with age, was significantly cheaper than other beers, and was not easily affected by heat.〔Unger, Richard W. (2004). ''Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0812237955〕〔Bender, David A. (2009). ''A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199234875〕 Within a few decades, porter breweries in London had grown "beyond any previously known scale".〔 Large volumes were exported to Ireland, where by 1776 it was being brewed by Arthur Guinness at his St. James's Gate Brewery.〔Oliver, Garrett (2011). ''The Oxford Companion to Beer''. Oxford University Press. p. 492. ISBN 978-0195367133〕 In the 19th century, the beer gained its customary black colour through the use of black patent malt, and became stronger in flavour.〔 Originally, the adjective ''stout'' meant "proud" or "brave", but later, after the 14th century, it took on the connotation of "strong". The first known use of the word ''stout'' for beer was in a document dated 1677 found in the Egerton Manuscript, the sense being that a stout beer was a strong beer. The expression ''stout porter'' was applied during the 18th century to strong versions of porter, and was used by Guinness of Ireland in 1820 – although Guinness had been brewing porters since about 1780, having originally been an ale brewer from its foundation in 1759. ''Stout'' still meant only "strong" and it could be related to any kind of beer, as long as it was strong: in the UK it was possible to find "stout pale ale", for example. Later, ''stout'' was eventually to be associated only with porter, becoming a synonym of dark beer. Because of the huge popularity of porters, brewers made them in a variety of strengths. The beers with higher gravities were called "Stout Porters". There is still division and debate on whether stouts should be a separate style from porter. Usually the only deciding factor is strength.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://zythophile.wordpress.com/2009/03/19/so-what-is-the-difference-between-porter-and-stout/ )〕 "Nourishing" and sweet "milk" stouts became popular in Great Britain in the years following the First World War, though their popularity declined towards the end of the 20th century, apart from pockets of local interest such as in Glasgow with Sweetheart Stout. The slogan "Guinness is good for you" was thought up after market research in the 1920s suggested that people felt better after a pint, and post-operative patients, blood donors, pregnant women and nursing mothers in England were advised to drink Guinness.〔(Guinness is good for you. ) (13 November 2003) Health, BBC News - Retrieved on 19 February 2007.〕 With beer writers such as Michael Jackson writing about stouts and porters in the 1970s, there has been a moderate interest in the global speciality beer market. In the mid 1980s a survey by ''What’s Brewing'' found just 29 brewers in the UK and Channel Islands still making stout, most of them milk stouts. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stout」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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